Alpha-tocopherol – what is it? Definition, action and role in the body

Definition of alpha-tocopherol

Alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form of vitamin E, a fat-soluble nutrient with strong antioxidant properties. Vitamin E occurs in eight chemical forms (four tocopherols and four tocotrienols), but it is precisely alpha-tocopherol that is best absorbed and used by the human body. This compound plays a key role in protecting cells against oxidative stress, supports the immune system and also plays an important role in maintaining the health of the skin and of the cardiovascular system.

Alpha-tocopherol and vitamin E

Although vitamin E is a whole group of compounds, it is alpha-tocopherol that constitutes its main and most important form. It is regarded as the reference standard when determining the biological activity of vitamin E. In the human body it is precisely this form that predominates in the plasma and in the tissues, because the liver preferentially incorporates alpha-tocopherol into the lipoproteins that transport it around the whole body.

Natural sources of alpha-tocopherol

Alpha-tocopherol occurs naturally in many food products, above all in vegetable fats. The richest sources are:

• sunflower oil and wheat germ oil,
• rapeseed oil and olive oil,
• nuts (almonds, hazelnuts, walnuts),
• pips and seeds (sunflower, pumpkin),
• green leafy vegetables (spinach, kale, broccoli).

A diet rich in varied plant sources makes it possible to cover the requirement for vitamin E in the form of alpha-tocopherol.

Functions of alpha-tocopherol in the body

Alpha-tocopherol performs many important functions, of which the most important are:

• Antioxidant protection – it neutralises free radicals, protecting cell membranes against damage.
• Support for the immune system – it strengthens immune responses, supporting the body in the fight against infections.
• Protection of the heart and blood vessels – it reduces the risk of LDL cholesterol being oxidised and supports correct circulation.
• Skin health – it protects the skin against premature ageing and has a regenerating and soothing effect.
• Support for the eyes – it assists the prevention of macular degeneration and of other diseases of the organ of sight.

Alpha-tocopherol and oxidative stress

One of the most important mechanisms of action of alpha-tocopherol is the neutralisation of free radicals. Thanks to this it limits damage to DNA, to proteins and to the lipids in cell membranes. A deficiency of antioxidants, including vitamin E, leads to disturbances of the oxidative balance, which accelerates ageing processes and the development of lifestyle diseases. Supplementation with alpha-tocopherol, or a diet rich in this vitamin, supports the maintenance of oxidative balance in the body.

Alpha-tocopherol and heart health

Many studies indicate that alpha-tocopherol has a beneficial effect on the health of the circulatory system. Thanks to its antioxidant properties it reduces the oxidation of LDL cholesterol, which is one of the main factors in the development of atherosclerosis. In addition it supports the elasticity of blood vessels and may reduce the risk of blood clots forming. Although it is not a standalone “medicine” for cardiovascular diseases, its presence in the diet is an important element of prevention.

A role in cosmetology and dermatology

Alpha-tocopherol is often used in skincare cosmetics. Added to creams, lotions and serums it:

• improves the elasticity of the skin,
• soothes irritation,
• supports the healing of wounds and scars,
• protects the skin against the effects of UV radiation.

Thanks to its regenerating and anti-ageing properties, vitamin E is sometimes called the “vitamin of youth”.

Dosage of alpha-tocopherol

The requirement for vitamin E is expressed in alpha-tocopherol equivalents (mg α-TE).

• Adults: about 10–15 mg a day,
• Women who are pregnant: approx. 15 mg,
• Breastfeeding women: 19 mg,
• Children: 6–10 mg depending on age.

Deficiencies are rare, but they may occur in the case of fat absorption disorders, e.g. in diseases of the pancreas or the liver.

Alpha-tocopherol deficiency

The symptoms of vitamin E deficiency are relatively rare, but they may include:

• muscle weakness,
• neurological problems (e.g. balance disorders),
• deterioration of eyesight,
• weakening of the immune system.

A long-term deficiency may lead to more serious health problems, especially in children and in people with fat absorption disorders.

Possible side effects of an excess

An excess of alpha-tocopherol, usually resulting from supplementation rather than from the diet, may lead to blood clotting disorders and increase the risk of haemorrhage. That is why the recommended doses of supplements should not be exceeded, and it is best to supply vitamin E naturally, through a diet rich in vegetable oils, nuts and seeds.

Summary

Alpha-tocopherol, that is, the most active form of vitamin E, plays a key role in protecting the body against oxidative stress. It supports the immune system, protects the heart and blood vessels, and also has a beneficial effect on the health of the skin and the eyes. Its presence in the diet is essential for maintaining good health, and natural sources – such as vegetable oils, nuts or green vegetables – make it possible to cover the daily requirement. Supplements may be helpful in certain situations, but the best way of supplying alpha-tocopherol remains a balanced diet.

My name is Dorota Wątróbska-Świetlikowska, I am a pharmacist and a scientist holding a habilitated doctorate in pharmaceutical sciences. I decided to combine my scientific knowledge and my experience in order to create dietary supplements of the highest quality.

My passion and main area of research are submicron dispersion systems, such as submicron emulsions, liposomes and lipospheres. After obtaining my doctorate, I turned my attention to the practical aspects of parenteral nutrition, bringing together the needs of the patient and the possibilities open to the pharmacist. Quality, safety and efficacy matter most to me , which is visible both in my scientific work and in my approach to creating Dwatro Laboratories® supplements.